Tag: science(biology)
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Enlighten Biology Note on Speciation and Artificial Selection.
Enlighten Biology Note on Speciation and Artificial Selection. Speciation Speciation is the formation of new species through the process of evolution. The organisms belonging to the new species will no longer be able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring with organisms belonging to the original species. Several events that happen leading to speciation: Members of…
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Enlighten Biology note on the Diversity of Mammals
Enlighten Biology note on the Diversity of Mammals MAMMALS Mammals include the largest animal ever to live, the blue whale (130 metric tons). The smallest mammal, the Kitti’s bat (1.5 g) And the fastest land animal is the cheetah (110 km/hr). These characteristics distinguish mammals: Mammals are named for their distinctive mammary glands, which produce…
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Enlighten Biology Note on Phylum Echinodermata and its Class of Organisms.
Enlighten Biology Note on Phylum Echinodermata and its Class of Organisms. General Characteristics Echinoderms are slow-moving or sessile marine animals. Echinoderms have a coelom. A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates, and most species are prickly from skeletal bumps and spines. Unique to echinoderms is the water vascular system, a network of…
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Chemicals Found in the Skin (Body) and Why pH Is Important in Cosmetics
Chemicals Found in the Skin (Body) and Why pH Is Important in Cosmetics Chemicals found in the skin and body When we discuss chemicals and chemical reactions within the body, we are talking about a subject called biochemistry. Biochemistry is a highly complex subject that we will barely touch. Many complex chemical reactions take place…
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How ATP Provides the Energy that Perform Work.
How ATP Provides the Energy that Perform Work. The structure and hydrolysis of ATP. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups (the triphosphate group) bonded to it. In addition to its role in energy coupling, ATP is also one of the nucleoside triphosphates…
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The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating the blood calcium level in mammals.
The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating the blood calcium level in mammals. Control of blood calcium Because calcium ions (Ca2+) are essential to the normal functioning of all cells, homeostatic control of the level of calcium in the blood is vital. If the blood Ca2+ level falls substantially, skeletal muscles contract convulsively, a…
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The Adrenal Gland and Stress Responses
Content: Introduction The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in stress response The Role of the Adrenal Cortex in stress response Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Introduction. The adrenal glands of vertebrates play a major role in the stress response, a state of threatened homeostasis. Located on top of the kidneys (the renal organs), each adrenal gland is made…
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Understanding the Hormonal Control of the Male and Female Reproductive System.
Understanding the Hormonal Control of the Male and Female Reproductive System. Content: Hormonal control of the male reproductive system. Hormonal control of the female reproductive cycle The Ovarian Cycle The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Menopause Menstrual and Oestrous Cycles Hormonal control of the male reproductive system. When mammals reach sexual maturity, the sex hormones and gonadotropins…
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Exploring Human Gametogenesis; Production Gametes (Sperm cell and Eggs/Oocytes)
Exploring Human Gametogenesis; Production Gametes (Sperm cell and Eggs/Oocytes) Content: What is gametogenesis? Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gametogenesis Gametogenesis is the production of gametes (male and female gametes). In both males and females, there is a close relationship between the gonads’ structure and their function. There are many parallels between; spermatogenesis which is the production of sperm…
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Why you feel pains in the muscle after strenuous exercise? Anaerobic Respiration
Content: Introduction Anaerobic respiration in eukaryotic organisms Obligate anaerobes: Facultative anaerobes Obligate aerobes Fermentation How can food be oxidized without cellular respiration? Types of fermentation Alcohol fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Cause of pains in the muscle after strenuous exercise Comparing fermentation with aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Introduction: Because most of the ATP generated by cellular…
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What happen to the food we eat after digestion to give us energy.
Content: Cellular respiration Phases of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Phosphorylation Lysis Phosphorylation Dehydrogenation and formation of ATP Oxidative decarboxylation (the link reaction) The Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle The importance of coenzymes in respiration The electron transport chain (ETC)/ Oxidative phosphorylation reaction Substrate level phosphorylation Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which cells acquire…
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Why the first breath taken by a new born baby is so much harder than any subsequent breaths.
Why the first breath taken by a new born baby is so much harder than any subsequent breaths. Content: Introduction The human gaseous exchange system Key structures the human gaseous exchange system. Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli The main adaptations of the alveoli for effective gaseous exchange. Ventilating the lungs Inspiration Expiration Why the…
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Exploring the Ventilation and Gas Exchange Concept in Insects
Content: Introduction Gaseous exchange systems in insects How does gas exchange take place in insects? mechanical ventilation of the tracheal system collapsible enlarged tracheae or air sacs, which act as air reservoirs Discontinuous gas exchange cycles in insects Internal gas-exchange systems such as the lungs in mammals are not the only way for multicellular organisms…
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How oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
Content: Introduction Transporting oxygen Carrying oxygen Foetal haemoglobin Transporting carbon dioxide The effect of carbon dioxide The most specialised transport role of the blood is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body by the erythrocytes (red blood cells). The erythrocytes are also involved in the removal of carbon dioxide…
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How does the mammalian cardiovascular system meet the body’s continuous (although variable) demand for O2?
Content: The need for specialised transport systems in animals Types of circulatory systems Open circulatory systems Closed circulatory systems Single closed circulatory systems Double closed circulatory systems The structure of the mammalian heart Why the muscular wall of the left side of the heart is much thicker than that of the right. A hole in…
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Exploring the structure and functions of the mammalian kidney
Content: The anatomy of the kidneys. Kidney structure Structure of the nephron Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct The functions of the nephrons Ultrafiltration Reabsorption The proximal convoluted tubule The loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule The collecting ducts How long is your loop of Henle? The kidney…
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How to Detect Kidney Failure, Causes, And Effects
How to Detect Kidney Failure, Causes, And Effects Content: Causes and effects of kidney failure Measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Treating kidney failure with dialysis Haemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis. Treating kidney failure by transplant Dialysis or transplant? The kidneys play a vital role in homeostasis. If they are damaged and become less efficient or stop working,…
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Urine sample and diagnosis
Urine sample and diagnosis. For many centuries people have used urine to try’ and diagnose diseases by looking at the colour, the smell, and even the taste of it. It is still a useful diagnostic tool, although our methods of analysis are more sophisticated. Also Read: Why does urine comes with varieties of Colour and…
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Understanding the Principle of Homeostasis and Thermoregulation.
Understanding the Principle of Homeostasis and Thermoregulation. Content: The principles of homeostasis Receptors and effectors Feedback systems Negative feedback systems Positive feedback systems Thermoregulation Classification of animals based on thermoregulation Endotherms Ectotherms How ectotherms and endotherms maintain and control their body temperature. Temperature regulation in ectotherms Physiological responses to warming Detecting temperature changes in endotherms…
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Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration, Diabetes and its Control.
Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration, Diabetes and its Control. Content: Increasing and decreasing blood glucose concentration Role of insulin blood glucose concentration Role of glucagon blood glucose concentration Mechanism of controlling insulin secretion Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Diabetes Treatment and Control. Common symptoms of diabetes Types of diabetes (type 1 and type 2…
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