Year: 2023
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How oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
Content: Introduction Transporting oxygen Carrying oxygen Foetal haemoglobin Transporting carbon dioxide The effect of carbon dioxide The most specialised transport role of the blood is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body by the erythrocytes (red blood cells). The erythrocytes are also involved in the removal of carbon dioxide…
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How does the mammalian cardiovascular system meet the body’s continuous (although variable) demand for O2?
Content: The need for specialised transport systems in animals Types of circulatory systems Open circulatory systems Closed circulatory systems Single closed circulatory systems Double closed circulatory systems The structure of the mammalian heart Why the muscular wall of the left side of the heart is much thicker than that of the right. A hole in…
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Exploring the structure and functions of the mammalian kidney
Content: The anatomy of the kidneys. Kidney structure Structure of the nephron Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct The functions of the nephrons Ultrafiltration Reabsorption The proximal convoluted tubule The loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule The collecting ducts How long is your loop of Henle? The kidney…
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How to Detect Kidney Failure, Causes, And Effects
How to Detect Kidney Failure, Causes, And Effects Content: Causes and effects of kidney failure Measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Treating kidney failure with dialysis Haemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis. Treating kidney failure by transplant Dialysis or transplant? The kidneys play a vital role in homeostasis. If they are damaged and become less efficient or stop working,…
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Urine sample and diagnosis
Urine sample and diagnosis. For many centuries people have used urine to try’ and diagnose diseases by looking at the colour, the smell, and even the taste of it. It is still a useful diagnostic tool, although our methods of analysis are more sophisticated. Also Read: Why does urine comes with varieties of Colour and…
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Understanding the Principle of Homeostasis and Thermoregulation.
Understanding the Principle of Homeostasis and Thermoregulation. Content: The principles of homeostasis Receptors and effectors Feedback systems Negative feedback systems Positive feedback systems Thermoregulation Classification of animals based on thermoregulation Endotherms Ectotherms How ectotherms and endotherms maintain and control their body temperature. Temperature regulation in ectotherms Physiological responses to warming Detecting temperature changes in endotherms…
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Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration, Diabetes and its Control.
Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration, Diabetes and its Control. Content: Increasing and decreasing blood glucose concentration Role of insulin blood glucose concentration Role of glucagon blood glucose concentration Mechanism of controlling insulin secretion Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Diabetes Treatment and Control. Common symptoms of diabetes Types of diabetes (type 1 and type 2…
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Sample preparation to be observed under the light microscope.
Sample preparation to be observed under the light microscope. Content: Dry mount Wet mount Squash slides Smear slides Using staining Differentiation staining Gram staining techniques (gram positive and gram negative) Acid-fast technique General stages involved in the preparation of slides: Risk management There are a number of different ways in which samples and specimens can…
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How smartphones work (sending, receiving messages and calls).
When we say phone today a little rectangular object that can connect to the internet and search for information, and contain messaging apps and social networks, comes to mind. But if you ever saw a telephone from the 1970s, you will wonder how it should be used. Before the telephone, there was the telegraph, a…
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The Basics of Analogue and Digital System.
The Basics of Analogue and Digital System. Engineers divide measurements into two kinds analogue and digital. Analogue things come in continuous measures, such as time, space, temperature, or speed. When you measure them, you can express the measurements in decimals. For instance, your body’s normal temperature is 37.5°C, acceleration due to the Earth’s gravity is…
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Understanding and Harnessing the Power of Relationships and Attachment Styles.
Understanding and Harnessing the Power of Relationships and Attachment Styles. Relationships According to Waldinger, “We cannot talk about a life of meaning without talking about relationships. Our relationships are what make us human. When it comes to living a happy life, relationships trump money, fame, social class, genes and everything we are told to strive…
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The problem with the statement “I just want to be happy” and what goals and values add to your life.
The problem with the statement “I just want to be happy” and what goals and values add to your life. It is common to hear ‘I just want to be happy’ when you interact with people on what they want when they are going through difficult moments in life. But the idea of happiness has…
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How to support someone in distress or emotional pain.
How to support someone in distress or emotional pain. If you are supporting a loved one as they struggle with their mental health, it is quite possible that you feel completely inadequate. You don’t know how to fix it, you’re not sure what is the right thing to say. You want to make it all…
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The big life changes. Where do I start?
The big life changes. Where do I start? Sometimes you reach a moment in your life when you realize a change is needed and you know exactly what that change is. But it doesn’t always happen like that. You may have miss Signs to recognize if an individual or family is Codependent Common reactions to…
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The fundamentals of quality assurance; everything you need to know.
Quality assurance is what we do to get the right answer for our purpose. The answer should have sufficient accuracy and precision to support subsequent decisions. There is no point in spending extra money to obtain a more accurate or more precise answer if it is not necessary. What are the basics of quality assurance?…
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Method Validation in Quality Assurance
Method validation is the process of proving that an analytical method is acceptable for its intended purpose. In pharmaceutical chemistry, method validation requirements for regulatory submission include studies of method specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and robustness. The fundamentals of quality assurance Accuracy Accuracy is “nearness to the truth.”…
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Signs to recognize if an individual or family is Codependent
Signs to recognize if an individual or family is Codependent Codependent is a psychological condition where a person becomes overly reliant on another person, often to the point of sacrificing their own needs and wants in order to meet the needs of the other person. The first step, of course, is to recognize the signs…
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How to Store/preserve Microorganisms Such as Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoans and Virus.
How to Store/preserve Microorganisms Such as Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoans and Virus. These are some simple and broadly applied methods are necessary to maintain organisms (bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses) for short and long-term recovery. Short-Term Preservation Methods Direct Transfer to Subculture. The simplest method for maintaining the short-term viability of microorganisms, most often used for…
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Everything you need to know about pneumonia in children
Everything you need to know about pneumonia in children Childhood pneumonia is a respiratory infection that affects the lungs of children, causing inflammation and difficulty in breathing. It is caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms which can be easily transmitted through coughing or sneezing. Pneumonia kills more children than any other…
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How to recognize signs of distress in children and Common reactions to stress in children.
How to recognize signs of distress in children and Common reactions to stress in children. Recognizing signs of distress in someone can be crucial to providing help and support. It’s important to understand what signs to look out for, such as changes in behavior, mood swings, or physical symptoms like headaches or stomach aches. Knowing…
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