Diseases and infections, integrated science for senior high school.

What is disease?

The disease is a disorder that interacts with the normal and proper functioning of the body of a living thing negatively. The disease affects the health of an individual in an unpleasant manner bringing discomfort and unrest.

PATHOGENIC DISEASES.

Pathogenic diseases are the type of diseases caused by pathogens.

Pathogens are disease-causing organisms and they live in or on the body of living things and cause diseases. Examples are bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms, and protozoans.

Fungal Diseases;

Fungi are classified under Kingdom Fungi. They are saprophytic. Most fungi are not harmful but the parasitic forms are harmful and cause diseases.

List examples of diseases caused by fungi.

Ringworm (Tinea Corporis) which affects humans.
Aspergillosis in fowls.
Athletes’ foot rot. (Tinea Pedis)
Candidiasis (Yeast infection)
Cryptococcosis, is caused by Cryptococcus fungus.
Histoplasmosis, is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum fungus.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP).

Ringworm (Tinea Corporis) Athletes’ foot rot. (Tinea Pedis)

Explain viral diseases.

Viral diseases are pathogenic diseases caused by viruses.
Viruses are eukaryotes.
Virus is microscopic and can only be seen under an electron microscope.
They can only reproduce in a living tissue/cell.
The virus is made of a protein coat and nucleic acid.
Viruses are very harmful parasites.
Viral diseases can be transmitted easily but cannot be controlled or prevented easily.

Give examples of viral diseases in farm animals.

Swine fever.
Newcastle disease
Ebola virus disease
Avian influenza (Bird flu).
Foot and Mouth Diseases (FMD).
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
Gumboro disease (Infectious bursal disease)
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD).
Rinderpest.

Give examples of viral diseases in humans.

Mumps
Catarrh/common cold.
Aids/HIV.
Hepatitis B.
Yellow fever.
Chicken pox.
Smallpox
Measles
Rabies
Poliomyelitis.
Coronavirus.
Influenza.

What are bacteria diseases?

Bacteria diseases are pathogenic diseases caused by bacteria.
Bacteria that cause diseases are mostly parasites and they feed on their host.

Unlike viruses, bacteria can be controlled easily by observing strict hygiene, vaccination, and using antibiotics.

List examples of bacteria disease in farm animals.

Foot rot
Clostridial disease
Leptospirosis
Mycoplasma pneumonia.
Brucellosis.
Anthrax
Salmonellosis

List examples of bacteria disease in humans.

Whooping cough.
Cerebrospinal Meningitis.
Sore throat.
Tuberculosis
Cholera
Tetanus
Syphilis
Pneumonia.
Typhoid.

Protozoan diseases.

Protozoan diseases are pathogenic diseases caused by protozoans. These diseases are characterized by; loss of appetite, high fever, reduce weight, and death if not treated early.

Examples of protozoan diseases in man.

Malaria causes by plasmodium
Trypanosomiasis commonly known as sleeping sickness.
Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis).
Giardiasis
Toxoplasmosis

Examples of protozoan diseases in farm animals.

Coccidiosis
Red water (Babesiosis).
Cryptosporidiosis
Neosporosis
Trichomoniasis.

What are communicable diseases?

Communicable diseases are diseases that are easily transmitted between people either by direct or indirect contact with an infected individual.

State examples of communicable diseases.

Tuberculosis.
Anthrax.
African swine fever.
Six childhood killer diseases.
Corona Virus (COVID-19).
HIV/AIDS.
Norovirus.
Measles.

NON-PATHOGENIC DISEASES.

Non-pathogenic diseases are diseases caused by other factors rather than living things. These factors may include;

Poor sanitation
Poisons or toxins.
Stress and mental diseases
Poor nutrition
Self-induced diseases.

Explain the term food poisoning and its causes.

Food poisoning also known as foodborne illness, is a condition caused by consuming contaminated food or water.

It occurs when harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, worms, or fungi with their toxins are ingested with food.

State the signs/symptoms of food poisoning.

Fatigue
Fever
Diarrhoea which could be watery or bloody.
Abdominal pain and cramps.
Nausea and vomiting.
Dehydration
Muscle aches.

What is a mental disease?

Mental diseases are diseases associated with the improper functioning of the brain of an individual. It is a condition that disrupts an individual thinking, mood, and daily functioning.

Mental diseases range from mild to severe and may require a combination of treatments such as therapy, medication, lifestyle change, and support from a healthcare professional.

Examples of common mental diseases.

Depression.
Schizophrenia.
Post-traumatic stress disorder.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Anxiety disorder.

Explain what cancer is.

Cancer is a disease characterized or caused by uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells in the body. These abnormal cells can invade and destroy healthy tissues or organs which may spread through a process called metastasis.

Types of cancer.

Skin cancer
Throat cancer
Lung cancer
Prostate cancer
Colorectal cancer
Bladder cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Brain cancer
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Liver cancer
Thyroid cancer
Esophageal cancer
Kidney cancer.
Ovarian cancer.

Symptoms of cancer.

Changes in a mole or wart.
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Change in bowel or bladder habits.
Change in the skin.
Unexplained weight loss.
Lump in testicles
Blood in the urine
Difficulty in swallowing
Abnormal bleeding.
Non-healing sores.
Breast lump or breast discharge.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES. (STDs).

Examples of STDs.

Gonorrhoea
Chlamydia
Syphilis
Genital herpes
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Effects of STDs.

It may lead to infertility.
Syphilis infection may cause babies to die at birth.
Gonorrhoea infection may lead to blind babies at birth.
Sexually transmitted diseases may lead to prolonged weakness and sickness.
It can cause pelvic inflammatory diseases.

Controlling STDs

Avoid casual sex
Use a condom during sex (safe sex)
Avoid contact with the fluid of the infected person.

What does it mean to be in good health?

To be in good health means;

Absence of social and psychological tension.
Absence of diseases in the body.
Proper functioning of all organs or parts of the body.
Free from mental diseases.

What is vaccination?

It is the injection of dead or weak causative organisms into the body to enable the body to produce antibodies against disease caused by the causative organism.

State ways by which the human body defends itself against disease-causing organisms

White blood cells engulf germs that invade the body.
Hydrochloric acid (HCL) in the stomach kills bacteria in food.
Cilia and mucus in the nasal cavity trap dust particles which contain pathogens.
Disease causes are prevented from entering the body by the skin.
The body also produces antibodies that destroy the effect of pathogens.

What is a drug?

A drug is a chemical substance used for medical purposes.

Effects drugs on society.

It can cause an increase in prostitution.
Waste money.
It may lead to fights or conflict
Death or premature death.
Robbery
Accidents
Drugs affect the health of the user.
It leads to neglect of family.

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