Hair Mineral Analysis and Implications.

Hair Mineral Analysis and Implications

Hair Analysis (HA) has been used successfully to test for drug abuse, and studies have been performed in several locations examining the validity of using HA to test drug use before the reinstatement of driving licenses.

However, drug metabolites are not found on most commercial HAs.

HA appears to offer potential as a correlating diagnostic tool in a few of the listed conditions, although hair mineral patterns should not be used exclusively for diagnosis.

For example, the high hair sodium values in infants with cystic fibrosis show very little overlap with those in controls.

One study demonstrated that children with learning disabilities can be diagnosed with 98% accuracy because of a consistent pattern of high hair values of cadmium, manganese, and chromium in conjunction with low values of lithium and cobalt.

The usefulness of HA as a research tool can hardly be questioned.

However, significant controversy exists about using the method for the clinical diagnosis of diseases other than heavy metal toxicity and as an indicator of nutritional status.

Moreover, multiple studies question the inter- and intra-laboratory accuracy of HA.

The difference between research and clinical use is significant.

Although it may be of interest in a research setting in which patients with various skin conditions have lower mean levels of hair magnesium than controls, the two groups overlap so much that the procedure is diagnostically useless.

Moreover, even when an altered HA pattern was associated with a disease, generally there have been few investigations as to whether mineral supplementation would affect the clinical condition or even revert the hair mineral pattern to normal.

Wide overlap of values in disease and control groups is frequently the case with HA, resulting in excessive false-positives and false-negative results.

For example, mentally retarded patients have been found to have lead, sodium, and potassium hair values approximately twice those of controls,

But the standard deviations are extremely large for some minerals (for sodium, 1644.71 ± 1814.93 versus 744.43 ± 1987.0018; and for potassium, 870.15 ± 1009.19 versus 408.35 ± 689.99), and the large overlap greatly reduces the clinical use of HA.

In addition, many of the altered HA patterns associated with the diseases below are yet to be unconfirmed;

Learning disabilities
Birth defects
Hyperactivity
Down syndrome
Neurosis and psychosis
Senile dementia
Autism
Alopecia areata
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Cystic fibrosis
β-Thalassemia
Spasticity in children
Repeated exposure to radiographs
Nasopharyngeal cancer
Aplastic anaemia
Metabolic syndrome
Breast cancer
Bone mineral density
Type 2 diabetes

SPECIFIC MINERALS

Calcium and Magnesium

Hair calcium and magnesium values were found to be elevated in patients with fibromyalgia.
High hair calcium content has been associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease.
Low hair calcium content has been found in the last trimester of pregnancy, but hair calcium content increased in response to supplementation during pregnancy.
Low hair magnesium levels have been reported in autistic children, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, patients with various skin disorders, and patients with several types of leukaemia,
Whereas, high levels have been reported in conjunction with dyslexia and Prader-Willi syndrome. The meaning of these associations remains unknown for the most part.
Research conducted in 2001 concluded that analysis of hair calcium and phosphorus content was of value as a complementary detection tool in abnormalities of bone metabolism.
Elevations in both calcium and magnesium were correlated with a low dietary calcium/magnesium ratio in one study, suggesting that this finding may be indicative of an induced hyperparathyroidism, but that hypothesis remains unproven.
Hair calcium and magnesium also vary in response to the hardness and pH of the water in which the hair is usually washed.
Supplementation of dietary magnesium has been reported to increase hair magnesium levels in deficient children.
Nonetheless, in one study of congenital hypomagnesemia, researchers concluded that hair magnesium level was not a useful tool in monitoring mineral status because the values were higher in affected subjects than in subjects who were not deficient.
There is limited evidence to support the use of hair calcium and magnesium measurements in clinical diagnosis at this time.

Copper

Oral contraceptive use is associated with decreased hair copper and increased serum copper.
High hair copper levels are associated with being female, lactation, idiopathic scoliosis, and pregnancy in some, but not all, studies.
Surprisingly, conditions that affect systemic copper status have been shown not to affect hair levels.
Copper deficiency, Wilson’s disease, and cirrhosis do not significantly alter hair copper content.
Hair copper levels also vary with geographical location.
However, fur and liver copper values have been found to correlate in rats, and one study reported that supplemental copper raises hair copper levels.
Hair colour also has been found to influence the levels of copper in the hair.
At this time, hair copper measurement appears unreliable for clinical application.

Manganese

Levels of hair manganese in mothers of infants with congenital malformations and their offspring were significantly lower in one study, which may allow maternal hair manganese levels to be used as an indicator of the risk for malformations.
Both non-significantly altered and normal levels of manganese have been reported in patients with epilepsy.
Hair manganese values have been reported to be elevated in people with violent behaviour, with varying levels of significance.
Evidence that manganese supplementation affects behaviour does not appear to exist at present.
Hair manganese may serve as a useful research tool in the study of altered behaviour, but the most promising value of hair manganese may lie in the prediction of congenital malformations.

Sodium and Potassium

It is generally accepted, even by proponents of HA, that hair sodium and potassium do not reflect dietary status.
High elevations of hair sodium may be diagnostic in cystic fibrosis, but require confirmation.
A relatively low sodium/potassium ratio has been reported in celiac disease.
Although many HA advocates cite low hair sodium and potassium as indicative of “adrenal exhaustion,” the only (preliminary) study exploring this subject reported that hair sodium and potassium did not correlate with adrenal function.
Except for cystic fibrosis, hair sodium and potassium appear to hold little promise for clinical use.

Zinc

Hair zinc levels have received more research attention than any other mineral.

Low hair zinc has been associated with;

zinc deficiency,
anorexia nervosa,
hyperactivity,
age,
atherosclerosis,
β-thalassemia,
vegetarianism,
lung cancer,
leukaemia,
celiac disease,
epilepsy in males,
epilepsy in general,
short stature in childhood,
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
neural tube defects,
and during pregnancy.

It also has been reported in neonates if the time between pregnancies is short.

Because a few of these conditions have been associated with potential zinc deficiencies and supplemental zinc has been shown to increase hair zinc levels, practitioners who use HA often rely on hair zinc as an indicator of zinc status.
However, one trial reported that hair zinc levels declined after supplementation
Other factors that affect hair zinc levels also interfere with the clinical use of this tool.
Shampooing and dying affect hair zinc levels, as does the sex of the subject, age, and hair growth rate.
Malnourished children have shown both low, and high hair zinc.
Poor correlations between hair zinc and height, weight, and zinc consumption also have been reported, although one study reported a correlation among hair zinc, weight, and zinc consumption.
Another study found that obese people of both sexes had higher hair zinc than those of normal weight and that there was a correlation between the degree of obesity and higher hair zinc levels.
Although low hair zinc levels have been reported in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, generally there is considerable overlap between cases and controls.
To further complicate the picture, in a study of female children of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus parents, hair zinc was found to be significantly higher compared with women with no family history of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
At this time there is no definitive understanding of the meaning of abnormal hair zinc levels.
The hypothesis that high hair zinc levels reflect acute deficiency, whereas low levels indicate chronic deficiency remains unproved.

Chromium

Hair chromium content is low in insulin-dependent diabetics, although there is much overlap with normal persons.
Chromium levels decrease with age, but the meaning of this change remains unknown.
Hair and tissue chromium levels vary greatly during pregnancy, being very high during the first few months of normal pregnancy and subsequently decreasing.
Late in pregnancy, hair chromium content typically becomes low, suggesting deficiency.
However, high hair chromium value in pregnancy is associated with low-birth-weight infants.
In patients with gestational diabetes, hair chromium content is high early in pregnancy but decreases in late pregnancy.
Increasing dietary intake of chromium has been linked to increasing hair chromium values, but supplemental chromium does not seem to alter hair levels.
Although normal and deficiency ranges should be more clearly defined, hair chromium content appears to have potential future use in clinical settings.
However, current knowledge remains inadequate to help clinicians treat patients on the basis of abnormal hair chromium levels.

Other Minerals

Hair iron was found to correlate positively with serum ferritin, although the clinical relevance of this finding is unclear.
Hair lithium has been reported to show a linear response to extra- dietary sources.
Low hair levels of lithium have also been reported in conjunction with heart disease, learning disability, and violent behaviour.
However, research findings are far from the point at which hair lithium could be used to help clinicians diagnose or treat these conditions.