Facilitating an Effective Classroom Discussion.

Class discussion is a useful strategy for stimulating critical thinking and encouraging students to reexamine their attitudes.

For a discussion to be effective, students must possess some general information about the topic under consideration, unless you are using the discussion as an advance organizer to introduce a new topic.

The teacher’s role in a class discussion is as a moderator.

Also read: Effective Use of Visuals and Overhead Transparencies in Teaching and Learning.

The teacher poses the initial question, facilitates thinking with follow-up questions, and ensures that everyone has an opportunity to participate.

He or she also introduces bits of information, but generally, it is best if the teacher refrains from offering an opinion.

If you do choose to take a position, it is probably wise to wait until the end.

It is important that you merely facilitate, not dominate, the discussion.

Whole-class discussion is best facilitated with the group seated in a large circle or a horseshoe.
If they can see each other, students are more likely to respond to each other rather than engage in a series of successive dialogues with the teacher.
Do give some forethought to the stimulating questions you will ask to promote the discussion.
It is best to write them down.
Overall, the less you have to participate to keep the discussion going, the
It is also essential to establish the procedures for taking turns
Does the student need to be acknowledged by the teacher before speaking?

Begin the discussion by introducing the topic.

Students need to be aware of the discussion’s general theme and have a sense of its purpose.
A couple of sentences and an opening question may suffice.
Discussions can serve a variety of purposes.
They may focus on examining a problem and analyzing its causes, effects, and potential solutions.
A discussion may be used to de-brief an activity such as a simulation, role play, or experiment.
Discussion may focus on predicting some future event or explaining some past phenomenon.
To meet any of these aims, the discussion must progress beyond the knowledge level.
Higher-level cognitive questions must be asked.

The class may be broken into small groups to stimulate discussion.

Each group might discuss the same topic or have separate topics to consider.
It is helpful to provide the groups with a written list of questions, either as a handout or displayed on the overhead projector or
Without a clear purpose and a task for which students will be accountable, the discussion will quickly degenerate into a
It is usually a good idea to appoint a group leader who is responsible for keeping everyone on task, recording the group’s ideas, and reporting back to the whole class.
To facilitate only one person talking at a time, bring a sponge ball or other soft object to
To speak, a student must have the When a student wants to contribute to the discussion, he or she must raise a hand.
The individual may speak only after he or she receives the ball from the previous student.

Avoid over-relying on high-ability students to keep the discussion going.

A tactic that teachers commonly use to prevent several persons from dominating the discussion is to allocate each student three or four poker chips or other tokens.
Each time a student comments, he or she must turn in one token to the
Once their chips are gone, they may add no more comments to the discussion.
Another way to control monopolization is to first break students into small groups and designate a reporter from each group to share the group’s
Another option is to appoint the monopoliser to a role that inhibits his or her participation, for example, as a silent observer or recorder.

Provide some structure to the discussion so that it is not too divergent.

It must have the focus to encourage serious reflection.
An exchange of unexamined opinions is of minimal educational value.
Don’t allow the discussion to deteriorate into a shouting
Emphasize the value of having a free and open discussion and supporting positions with
Emphasize that reasonable people may sometimes interpret those facts differently.
End the discussion before it begins to
Do something different: have each student take one minute to write an answer to a question, introducing some relevant

Provide closure to the discussion.

One way is for the teacher or volunteers to summarize the main points
Another is to have students reflect or write about how the discussion may have changed their views of the topic.
Thank students for their contributions.
It generally works best to reinforce but not grade participation in discussions.
Provide a transition to the lesson’s next phase.
Point out how the discussion fits into the overall lesson objectives.